Introduction

Botanical garden is one of the conservation concept which called ex situ conservation which success carry out an integrated conservation and economy (Anonym, 2016). Botanical garden had been developed in Indonesia, either in the national or regional level and there are  27 botanical garden (Ahmadi, 2015), however, these numbers are not relatively enough because ideally Indonesia should have 47 botanical garden as the number of ecoregions for the whole Indonesia of 47 point to achieve the function of botanical garden as stated in the  President regulation No. 93/2011 namely conservation, research, education, tourism and environmental services (Witono et al, 2016).

To promote conservation implementation, the Halu Oleo University (UHO) had established botanical garden, and become the first botanical garden in Indonesia manage by university (Rianse in Anonym, 2015). The total size of Halu Oleo University botanical garden is ± 22,08 ha (Anonym, 2016). Therefore, Halu Oleo Unversity could prove it that its campus became the green campus.

The establishment of UHO botanical garden was as an expression of edu-eco-tourism rather than scientific and cultural arguments. The establishment of botanic garden in colonial empires is including Bogor and Purwodadi botanical gardens as well as all reflect colonial economic ambitions for the domestication of indigenous crops or the introduction of new other endemic vegetation from outside (Anonym, 1998).

Throughout history, many botanical gardens were found with plants based on utility, rather than aesthetic value, but in the past century, focus has shifted more to horticultural displays and conservation. Given that botanical gardens primary focus is plants, and that the majority of botanical gardens are in close proximity to highly populated urban centers, they are well positioned to serve as critical conduits for information about food plants and agriculture, adding this important element to their already well developed programs in conservation and horticulture (Brockway et al, 2002)

In addition, botanical gardens are uniquely placed to present and educate the public about all the plant sciences, not just diversity and conservation, but also all the many disparate kinds of research related to plant breeding and crop production (Danang et al, 2015; Rahayu, 2015). Therefore, development of UHO botanical garden will develop function of flora for education, conservation/environment and tourism based development (edu, eco, tourism).

Methodology

The Study Area

Location of study area of Halu Oleo Universty  botanical garden is situated in the Halu Oleo University Campus Kambu District Kendari City Southeast Sulawesi Indonesia.  The total area of UHO botanical garden is  ± 22.8 ha, which consist of 3 block namely huge block of 18.46 ha, small block of 1 ha and swamp block of 3.42 ha. The orientation map and study location can be seen in Figure 1, as follows:

The topography of the study area have many variation with the slope level from flat areas (0-5%) to very slope areas (> 65%), where the highest point at 42 m above sea level and the owest at 8 m above sea level (Anonym, 2012). Based on the geology and soil analyses, that UHO botanical garden haave two geology formation, that is alangga and aluvial sediment. While the soil prroperties found were  uttisol and entisols. The source of water in the study area is  domiated by ground water sources. In addition, there si also river but have so poor water quality, the pH was 4 or acid condition (Anonym, 2016).  However, sadly that water source used by sorroundng community around UHO campus.

Figure 1: Map of Study Area   Click here to View figure

In  addition,   the data series of rain fall from 2005 to 2015,  recorded that rain fall average yearly about 2.389 mm, the highest rain fall average on March and the lowest average was on September.  The Schmidt-Ferguson climate classification system, classify that the study area include type  B which indicate  that wet month included in the tropical forest region. The average monthly temperature  is 26.7^oC, where the highet temperature occured on April and the lowest occured on July. Whilst the highest humidity occur on June and the lowest one occur on October (BPS Kendari, 2015).

Economic condition of Kendari city tend to be an urban economic activities, where the expenses of community generally on tersier or services sectors rather then other sectors. There area several ethnics live  around the study area,  mostly ethnics which origin from Southeast Sulawesi such as Tolakinese, Butonese, Munanese and others. Halu Oleo University development generate impact on regional changes which indicate by a lot of land used changes for instance coversion of swamp and arable land into setlements, bussiness center, schools etc (BPS Kendari, 2015).

According to  Statistic authority of Kendari city that population number of Kendari city in 2014 were 335,889 people, consist of men 169,371 people and women 166,318 people with the sex ratio 101.71 (BPS Kendari, 2015).

The location of UHO botanical garden consist of the land condition as follows: secondary forest with size 18,46 ha;  swamp area with size of 3.42 ha and  Arboretum area of 1.0 ha (Anonym, 2012) as shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2: Map of Halu Oleo University Campus and Distribution of UHO Botanical Garden Click here to View figure

Research Method

The research was conducted using the observation, interview, survey and desk methods. It was carried out from August to October 2016. Data used in this research derived from primary and secondary data sources, especially from previous studies and other related publications.

Results and Discussion

Flora and Fauna in Halu Oleo University Botanical Garden

Vegetation analyses on diversity of flora and fauna have been conducted. It was found that there were 86 species of flora which included to 72 genus and 45 families as shown in Table 1. Myrtaceae was the dominant family found in the UHO botanical garden,  followed by Apocynaceae and Phyllanthaceae. In addition, there are four endemic species discovered, those are  soni or singi (Dillenia serrata Thunb.), tumbeuwa (Kjellbergiodendron celebicum (Koord.) Merr.), Helicia kellbergii Sleumer, and Lasjia hildebrandii Steenis which have a closed relative with Macadamia, the famous vegetation in Australia as reported by Indonesian Science Institute (LIPI) in Anonym, 2016.

Table 1: Diversity of Flora in UHO Botanical Garden

Interestingly, that there were several species included in the IUCN redlist of Thretened Species, namely Cycas circinalis L., Maranthes corymbosa Blume, Gnetum gnemon L, Cratoxylum formosum (Jacq.) and  Nymphoides indica (L.). Importantly, there some potential plants could be developed as ornamental plants, such as  Syzygium sp. (Mhyrtaceae).  pakis aji (Cycas circinalis L.), Soni (Dillenia serrata Thunb.), kayu cina (Dracaena angustifolia (Medik.) Roxb.), palem Hydriastele sp., and soka (Ixora lanceolata Lam.). Moreover, that several plants could be used for building materials and one of the dominant species is  kayu nona (Xanthostemon petiolatus (Valeton) peter G. Wilson), benatan (Archidendron pauciflorum (Benth.) I.C.Nielsen), eha (Castanopsis buruana Miq.), tumbeuwa (Kjellbergiodendron celebcum (Koord.) Merr.), rumbe (Lithocarpus sp.), Tristaniopsis whiteana (Griff.) Peter G.Wilson & J.T.Waterh., and biti (Vitex coassus reinw. ex Blume).

Results of survey that trees in the secondary forest block were dominated by local species that already exist in the UHO forest. The structure of trees tend to be completed with local species such as ruruhi (Syzigium, sp), Songi (Dillenia serrata Thunb), eha (Castanopsis, sp), etc. This study is supported by previous survey reported by LIPI in Anonym, 2016 that forest in the Halu Oleo University Botanical Garden is characterized by secondary forest, where the structure of trees complete with local species domination (Anonym, 2016). In addition, the position of  UHO secondary forest more important because situtaed  in the middle of Kendari city. So UHO forest become good habitat for many fauna such as reptile, insects, mamals and birds.

According to  Israh (2015), there were about 47 bird species found in the UHO forest and 7 species have been discovered and identified by LIPI (Anonym, 2016), therefore, the total number of bird species become  are 54 species as shown in the  Table 2.

Table 2: Bird Species in the UHO Botanical Garden 

Source : Master Plan UHO Botanical Garden, 2016 Analysees)

From Table 2, could be explained aslo that there are 18 birds species belong to endemik species, such as: Accipiter griseiceps, Aplonis scrassa, Collocalia infuscate, Dicaeum celebicum,  Dicaeum monticolum, Eudynamis orientalis, Lichmera argentauris,  Lichmera indistinct, Pachycephala pectoroalis, Phylloscopus borealis,  Phylloscopus sarasinorum, Rhinomyias oscillans, Saxicola caprata, Surniculus lugubris,  Trichastoma celebense,  Zosterops anomalus, Zosterops chloris   dan Zosterops consobrinorum  

The State of Flora and Fauna in the Halu Oleo University Botanical Garden

As mention in the previous that  UHO botanical garden had potential on flora and fauna especially birds. However, the existance of which are affected by  some pressures or threats such as : illegal logging by the local, birds hunting and other animals trapping and forest fire. Hunting of wildlife especially birds, forest chichen and pigs are found in the UHO botanical garden forest. The traditional traps and gun were used to hunt fauna in the secondary forest block of UHO botanical garden. So, could be concluded that the pressure of flora and fauna in the UHO botanical garden are mostly influenced by human activities.

In accordance to above pressure, influence the recent status of flora and fauna in the UHO botanical garden. The result of observation that lots of cutted stems found in the forest floor of UHO. In addition, birds track and birds sound decreased when observation was done. Sadly, due to unresponsible visitor came to the UHO botanical garden, lots of plastics waste and other materials discharge in the forest, so those were also become threat and pressure of UHO forest. Therefore,  based on the interviu with Head and secretary of UPT. Kebun Ilmu Hayati UHO, they said that illegal logging and hunting of birds in the garden still happen and therefore UHO botanical garden should be protected.

“One of the problem cause local community enter and cutting down trees and traped animals as well as hunting birds due to lack of awareness of the community on the existency of UHO botanical garden, therefore, UPT. Kebun Ilmu Hayati will conduct socialization works intensively” (Sadimantara, head of UPT. Kebun Ilmu Hayati, (2016)). 

“I got information that local community live around UHO campus entered the UHO botanical garden and cutt down small trees usually they operate in early morning about at 4-5 o’clock. They sold the trees to support contructions material” (Annas Ma’ruf, 2016).

Responding to the pressures and the state of Halu Oleo University botanical garden, there are several prototypes have been developed through this research in order  to achieve the best botanical garden in the future as stated in its vision “ to be a world excellent university botanical garden on research, conservation and education of Endemic vegetation of  Sulawesi”.  The prototyping of UHO botanical garden in order to protect and increase the diversity of flora and fauna are:

developing a public awareness activities or education to increase understanding of local community and students about function and existance of UHO botanical garden; improving management system of botanical garden especially facilitation process on protection of the resources involving stakeholders (community, students, lecturers, etc) in proctection mangement; to promote planting movement  to enrich the Sulawesi endemic vegetation in garden involving stakeholders; to develop center of endemic vegetation of Sulawesi,  and establishment of  information and promotion center of UHO Botanical Garden to promote diversity of flora and fauna values as intangible value to support local economic development in the future.

Conclusion

In accordance with the result of this reseach, the following conclusion could be described, as follows:

The state of flora and fauna in the Halu Oleo University Botanical Garden dominated by indigenous species that already exist before and the diversity of flora found were 86 species and fauna (birds) were 54 species;

The existance of flora and fauna in the Halu Oleo University Botanical Garden faced  several pressures and therefore, flora and fauna within the garden tend to be vurnerable to disturbance;

To  develop the Halu Oleo University Botanical Garden in the future, the prototyping to manage the diversity of flora and fauna have been prepared, as follows: (a) developing a public awareness activities or education to increase understanding of local community and students about function and existance of UHO botanical garden; (b) improving management system of botanical garden especially facilitation process on protection of the resources involving stakeholders (community, students, lecturers, etc) in proctection mangement; (c) to promote planting movement  to enrich the Sulawesi endemic vegetation in the garden involving stakeholders; (d) to develop center of endemic vegetation of Sulawesi and (e) establishment of  information and promotion center of UHO Botanical Garden to promote diversity of flora and fauna values as intangible value to support local economic development in the future.

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