Introduction

Rice has become dominant and important staple food in Indonesia ¹. The rice demand continues to increase in line with population growth, while the production rice capacity to increase is very limited.  An effort to increase rice production continuously is facing severe challenges, due to the high rate of population growth at one side and at the other side; there is a reduction in the productive wetland area. So that role of upland rice to support rice production and strengthen food security is needed more increasing.

Indonesia has more than 50 million hectares of dryland but that are suitable for development food crops only reached 35 million hectares ², including marginal dry land for developing upland rice. As a result, the potential upland rice production that can be achieved is still low. The low productivity of upland rice is due to the severity constraints on upland rice cultivation, as compared with the constraints on rice production on the wetland.  These constraints partly because upland rice grown on the acid soils, which have low  nutrients, especially N, P, K, Ca, Mg and Mo ^3-5. Soil acidity has become a limiting factor for growth and increase rice production on dry land. In the acid soil, the toxicity of aluminum is a major factor constraining crop performance ^3,6-9, and low availability of phosphor will be a problem in upland rice production ^10-12. Water holding capacity on the dry land also very low and soil easily eroded.   Aluminum (Al) affect primarily on the root system, causing inhibition the elongation root.  As a result, the fertilizer effectiveness and water absorption will reduce ¹³.  The high Al also can inhibit the transport of nutrients from the roots to the top of the plant ^13-14. Increased concentrations of Al also reduce the absorption of micronutrients ¹⁵ in rice plants ¹⁶. Al toxicity occurred since the beginning of Al induces instability of cellular membranes ^17-19  and toxic the metabolic activity ²⁰.

One of the efforts to increase the upland rice production in acid soil is to create the tolerant cultivars through crossing ²¹. Upland rice has a great diversity against Al and the tolerant cultivar only showed a small decrease in growth ²².  Rice plants have the genetic variability tolerant to Al toxicity and have the ability to use the different nutrient potassium ²³.

Each type of plant and each different growth phases has a different water needs. Water has an important role in the transportation and translocation of nutrients ²⁴, opening and closing of stomata ²⁵.  According to a response of plants to drought stress is differentiated to tolerant and sensitive ²⁶.  Tolerant plants are able to accumulate large amounts of dissolved compounds, whereas sensitive crops not able to accumulate the dissolved compounds. Genetic improvement through plant breeding is an effort to overcome some constraint on the upland rice production. The development of upland rice lines that tolerant to abiotic and biotic stress is a cheaper and easier approach to using at the farm level.

Material and Methods

Preparation of sample

Research was conducted in Agriculture Farm Department of Agrotechnology Faculty of Agriculture Universitas Halu Oleo Kendari. Soil analysis conducted in the soil laboratory Faculty of Agriculture Universitas Halu Oleo.

Field arrangement

The research was arranged in randomized completely block design consist of eight progeny i.e., V₁ (GS12-2), V₂ (GS44-2), V₃ (GS16-2), V₄ (GS11-2), V₅ (GS44-1), V₆ (GS16-1), V₇ (GS12-1) and V₈ (GS11-1). Production characters were observed and assessments (1) number of tillers at harvest, (2) number of productive tillers, (3) panicle length (cm), (4) number of filled grain /panicle and weight of 1000 grains of seeds.

Results and Discussions

Number of tillers

Based on number tillers character appears that the progeny V₂ (GS44-2) has the highest number of tillers.  Followed by the progeny V₅ (GS44-1) and V₄ (GS11-2). While the progeny V₃ (GS16-2) has the lowest number of tillers (Table 1).

Table 1: Different productive characteristic of uplane rice progeny

Number of grain

Base on the number of grain on panicle appears that the progeny V₁ (GS12-2) has the highest number of grain, followed by progeny V₃ (GS16-2) and V₄ (GS11-2). While the progeny V₅ (GS44-1) has the lowest number of grain (Figure 1). Based on the character of number of grain, the promising progeny are V₁ (GS12-2)   has the highest number of grain, followed by progeny V₃ (GS16-2) and V₄ (GS11-2).

Figure 1: Effect of different progeny to the number of grain Click here to View figure

Potential Production

In the character of grain production appears that the progeny V₂ (GS44-2) has the highest grain production, followed by progeny V₁ (GS12-2) and V₅ (GS44-1). While the progeny V₈ (GS11-1) has the lowest grain production (Figure 2). Based on the grain production, the promising progeny is at V₂ (GS44-2), V1 (GS12-2) and V₅ (GS44-1).

Figure 2: Effect of different progeny to the rice production Click here to View figure

Weight of 1000 Grain (WTG)

Based on the weight of thousand grain (WTG) appears that the progeny V₅ (GS44-1) has the highest of WTG, followed by the progeny V₆ (GS16-1) and V₂ (GS44-2). While the progeny V₁ (GS12-2) has the lowest WTG (Figure 3). Based on the WTG characters, the promising progeny is at V₅ (GS44-1) has the highest of WTG, followed by the progeny V₆ (GS16-1) and V₂ (GS44-2).

Based on the productive character that includes the number of tillers, number of grains, grain production and grain weight; it appears that there is a significant differences character between progeny. Therefore, the development and plant breeding programmed must be adjusted to the main objective of the cross itself. When the crossing aims are to obtain progeny that have the highest grains per panicle, the most promising cultivars is the progeny V₁ (GS12-2) that has reached 251.93 grains per panicle. If the purpose of crossbreeding is to obtain the plants with the highest production potential, the most promising progeny is crosses V₂ (GS44-2) with 61.61 grams per panicle that equivalent to 12 ton ha^-1. However, if the goal of crossbreeding is to choose the progeny that has the big size of rice grain, the progeny V₅ (GS44-1) has the highest weight of grains.

Figure 3: Effect of different progeny to the weight of thousand grains Click here to View figure

Conclusion

Based on the research concluded that there are eight promising progeny of upland rice that are tolerant to drought and has a high potential yield, included progeny V₁ (GS12-2), V₂ (GS44-2), V₃ (GS16-2), V₄ (GS11-2), V₅ (GS44-1), V₆ (GS16-1), V₇ (GS12-1) and V₈ (GS11-1).

Acknowledgements

The authors extend their gratitude to the Minister of Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education Republic of Indonesia for providing research grant under the scheme of MP₃EI 2016.

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