Introduction

The ABO blood group system was the first human blood group system to be discovered by Landsteiner in 1900[1]. The ABO blood group system is the only system in which antibodies are consistently and predictably present in the serum of normal individuals whose red cells lack the antigens . Apart from differences amongst species, differences between the individuals of the same species have also been demonstrated. During the world wars, it was discovered for the first time that the frequency of ABO and Rhesus blood groups was different in persons native to different parts of the world [2-3]. ABO and Rh gene phenotypes vary widely across races and geographical boundaries  despite the fact that the antigens involved are stable throughout life. The resultant polymorphism remains important in population genetic studies, estimating the availability of compatible blood, evaluating the probability of hemolytic disease in the new born, resolving disputes in paternity/maternity and for forensic purposes[4]. The frequency of ABO and Rh phenotypes in different populations hasve been extensively studied. Rh system emerged as second most important blood group system due to hemolytic disease of newborn and its importance in RhD negative individuals in subsequent transfusions once they develop Rh antibodies. The D antigen, after A and B, is the most important red cell antigen in transfusion practice[5] . Unlike the situation with A and B, persons whose red cell lacks the D antigen do not regularly have anti D in their serum. Blood bank usually has a problem of ever-changing  stock position and it being very difficult to predict the prevalence of a particular blood group at a particular time. The present study was done to assess the prevalence of blood groups in different categories of Northern India and to compare our results with other studies conducted in India and elsewhere in the world and its multipurpose future utilities for the health planners[ 6-8].

Materials and Methodology

The study of ABO and Rhesus Blood Group was carried out on 155 blood donors (male and female) during a period of two months from 1^st september to 31^st October 2018 in Diphupar-B area Dimapur, Nagaland. The blood donors were selected after taking a detailed history and a complete examination regarding their eligibility criteria for blood donation. Donor’s name, age, sex, occupation, caste, complete postal address and contact number was recorded. Blood samples were obtained by standard procedures of venupuncture and subjected to determination of ABO and Rhesus blood group using “antisera” by combined slide and test tube method. Each sample of donors was tested for ABO and Rhesus status.

Laboratory analysis

ABO and Rh blood group tests are carried out by a standard protocol using AB D Antisera typing Kit.(Fig. 1.)

Figure 1: The Plate Showing the the result of A B O blood groups click here to view figure

Statistical analysis

The gene and allele frequencies of blood group, are calculated by Hardy-Weinberg model using S2 ABO estimator software[7].  Allele frequencies are calculated under the assumption of Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium and expressed as percentages. The chi – square test is used to compare observed allelic and genotypic frequency distributions of the blood group and Rh antigens to that of under the Hardy–Weinberg. [9]. ABO blood was aligned according to their respective frequencies in populations using PAST software : PCA and Phylogenetic trees were constructed, using Neighbor-Joining (NJ) method

Table 1: Hardy-Weinberg model for ABO blood group

Results

The ABO and Rhesus blood Group in Diphupar-B showsed various typical results. The frequency of ABO and Rh blood groups in a total of 155 (male and female)donor population was compared. Amongst Rh positive female donors blood group O was found to be most prevalent in  group 34(45.95%), followed by group B 23(31.08%), A 14(18.92%) and AB 3(4.05%). Amongst Rh positive male donors blood group O was the most prevalent group 33(41.77%), followed by group B 21(26.58%), group A 18(22.78%) and group AB 7(8.86%).  The Rh negative does not exist in any female donors. The Rh negative appears only in male donors in blood group A-ve(1) and B-ve (1)with 1.3%..

Table 2: Overall allele frequencies for the ABO and Rh antigens in the Ten studied populations

The study populations used in blood groupings   occurred in the order O> B >A > AB .The allele frequency of blood group O was the highest ABO allele p (A), q (B), r (O) as 0.16, 0.2 , 0.64, respectively. This occurred in the order O> B >A. The allele frequency of blood group O is the highest 𝜒2. The goodness of fit test was resulted in value was = 0.11 and p value was 0.73. The genotype frequencies are reached (D) = 99.0% and (d) = 1%, genotype frequencies are (D) = 0.99 and (d) = 0.01. There is the high proportion of Rh (D) +ve individuals than the Rh – ve in the study populations.

Table 3: Detailed list of all donors and their corresponding bio-data

Figure 2: Dendrogram of  Ten Naga Tribal populations on diversity for ABO polymorphic loci click here to view image

The Neighbour Joining Analyses

Population relationships can be easily represented by Neighbor Joining (NJ) trees. To study the genomic affinities of the tribal populations of Nagalnd, NJ trees was constructed by using various reported investigations in the tribes of India and globally by means of same set of loci/alleles. In the first NJ tree analysis, given in Fig.2. ABO blood  polymorphic loci alleles are used to construct the tree to find the genomic affinities among the tribal populations of Nagaland  under study Interestingly, this tree showed that Mao are clustered with Sumi who are geographically distant from Mao instead of Zeliang, who are thought as same to Sumi,Angami and Lotha. Another surprising genetic relation was established between Ao and Chekesang , though both are geographically very far-off. Overall, this tree showed that the Naga tribes under consideration are interrelated and equally distant from each other in terms of ABO blood allele frequencies.

Figure 3: Principal component analysis based on allele frequencies of ABO polymorphic loci Principal Component Analysis click here to view image

Principal component analyses (PCA) was performed to identify possible clustering among the populations. In the PCA (Figure.3.) using ABO blood, the populations Zeliang, Lotha and  Angami are observed to be falling under a single cluster among the populations.

Human shares the same blood group systems, differing only in the frequencies of specific types. The incidence of ABO, Rh and MN groups varies in different parts of the world and in different races [10]. Geographical and ethnic groups and socioeconomic groups, [11- 12]. Many studies have revealed possible associations of various diseases with the ABO blood group, but the reasons for such associations are remain controversial[13-14].  With Blood group O has a greater incidence of association with hypertension[15] and melanoma[12].  As far as abortion is concerned, it is found to be higher in between A type husband and O type wife and high in couples with  combination of  A type husband and B type wife. The frequencies of Rh positive and Rh-negative individuals are 96.5% and 3.5% respectively[16].  ABO blood groups are important in determining migration of races and in hereditary diseases. [17]. Some diseases are more common to develop in certain blood groups; hence the relationship of different blood groups with diseases is important [18].

The genomic affinities among eleven study populations are represented in Fig2 & 3, using allele frequency data of four loci by a standard NJ tree and Principal component analysis. It has been that all student groups are genetically related to each other, to asses genomic affinities of the ten study populations, the data from the results of presents study groups are assured together and represented in an others NJ tree and Principal component analysis (Fig.2 &

Conclusion

In conclusion, based on ABO blood group poylmpohsms the Naga tribes have genetic roots with others Indian  population. Studieds association of ABO blood group polymorphism and disease prevalence in populations of India need to be established using molecular markers, such as nDNA, mtDNA etc. Which right clear the picture in the human biography of the Indian subcontinent

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