Introduction

The genus has about 50 species overwhelming majority of them is found in  Asia and in flora of Kazakhstan 9 species followed: Rheum  altaicum A.Los. Rheum  wittrokii Lundstr. Rheum  tataricum L. Rheum  turkestanicum Janisch. Rheum  rhizostachyum Schrenk. Rheum reticulatum A.Los. Rheum  compactum l, Rheum  nanum Siewers. Rheum  maximowiczi A.Los. Rheum cordatum A.Los. The Rheum genus occupies a noticeable place in the rich and diverse flora of Kazakhstan.¹ The genera of Vascular Plants of Korea is essentially an introduction to the Flora of Korea the genus of Rheum  have 2 species (Rheum  rhabarbarum L., Sp.P. 372, 1753. and second species of Rheum coreanum Nakai, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 33:47, 1919)² Rheum genus occupies a noticeable place in the rich and diverse flora of Kazakhstan.³ Also herbarium fund in Institute “Botany and Phytointroduction” storage have herbarium collections genus of Rheum plants. Endangered and rare species of Rheum wittrockii Lundstr including in a Red book in our Kazakhstan.⁴ The conservation and management of valuable  Rheum gene pool is very actual problem for Kazakhstan. In present time two approach of preservation of valuable plant material are used: In situ – conservation of wild populations and also ex-situ it’s creation of seed banks and cultivation in living collections of botanical gardens and locals plant nurseries. Global biodiversity, including the diversity of wild plants, is of inestimable ecological, economic, and cultural value.⁵ The initial viability of the samples is determined by submitting the seeds to germination tests, by standards in terms of duration, seed number, levels of drying and incubation temperatures, have been established by the International Seed Testing Association (ISTA Handbook on Seedling Evaluation, 3rd Edition, 2013). Occasionally, additional procedures may need to be carried out to determine the percentage of germination as when working with dormant seeds (Ex Situ Conservation of Plant Genetic Resources 2007). Present day in Institute “Botany and Phytointroduction” mountain are planted plants at the institute on the Rock garden collection presents about 200 species of native flora and over 100 species and cultivars, widely used in the culture of herbaceous perennials, and miniature shrubs. In this Rock garden were planted mountainous endangered and rare species plants of Rheum genus. This methods of conservation very importantly for the propagation a lot of important plants in our  flora.⁸

The life form  Rh. wittrockii  herbaceous rhizome  plant. Among  the different species of Rh. wittrockii seed root leaves are very large, long-petiolate differ. In basic spread aerials of Rheum (Polygonaceae) in highest mountains.⁹ It ıs endangered and medically wild plant, the species mainly has potential perennial plant and basal leaves are very large, long-petiolate (Kokoreva I.I., 2013). In also addition to its contemporary uses for cooking in a variety of dished, the medicinal effects of several species in this genus have been described by multiply culture. Especially uses traditional Chinese medicine.¹⁰ The root of rhubarb species Rheum (Polygonaceae) have been widely used as a purgative and anti-inflammatory agent.¹¹ From Asia and the Mediterranean region, medicinal rhubarb spread to Europe and North America (Beck, 2005). The genus of Rheum (Polygonaceae) distribution areal Dzhungar Alatau is the highest mountain range, situated on the border of Kazakhstan and China, between the river and Lake Alakol (Fig.1). The Ili- Alatau is located at the very north edge of the Tien -Shan. The North Tian -Shan consists of the following mountain ranges: Ili-Alatau, Kungei Alatau, Kyrgyz Alatau, and others(fig.2).¹²

Figure 1: Dzhungar Alatau mountain   Click here to View figure

Figure 2: Zailiiski Alatau mountain   Click here to View figure

Chinese people have used as a purgative medicine, although some scientists consider it a medical enigma. During two years of trials at Palmer, Pantoja and Kuhl (2009) evaluated the effectiveness of 15 morphological characters for identifying cultivars and other clonal rhubarb specimens. Significant variability between the two years was reported for petiole epidermis color, petiole internal color, and the number of petioles per plant. The result suggest limited usefulness of these descriptors for identifying rhubarb accessions.¹³ The natural distribution of Rheum wittrockii Lundstr (Polygonaceae) is centered in two big different population on the adjacent areas Dzhongar Alatau mountain and Ili- Alatau mountain. At altitudes ranging from 1372 m to 1872 m was in these locations (Fig.1 and fig. 2).¹⁴

The aim of this research is conservation in ex situ of biodiversity of wild plant Rheum wittrock Lundstr in our flora of Kazakhstan. The Ili- Alatau is located at the very north edge of the Northern Tien -Shan. The North Tian -Shan consists of the following mountain ranges: Ili-Alatau, Kungei Alatau, Kyrgyz Alatau, and others. (Ile- Alatau, The Great Soviet Encyclopedia, 1969).¹⁵ The Northern Tian- Shan highest species diversity of flora is concentrated in the mountains. It’s related of feature of geografical location, altitude, orientation of the ridge, as well as soil and climatic condition of mountain areas.¹⁶

Materials and Methods

The researcher work was fulfilled of Institute of the Botany and Phytointroduction under  the laboratory “Seed science and Plant protection”. The general germinability tests  the seeds of Rheum wittrockii  was collected two population in each a little gorge area of Rheum wittrockii are distributed in the north Tian-Shan and Zhungar Alatau. Solid circles indicate locations of the sampled population. Natural distribution of Rheum wittrockii Lundstr (Polygonaceae) is centered in two big different population on the adjacent areas Dzhongar Alatau mountain and Ili-Alatau mountain. The investigation work for seed germination tests was used methods development by Sildana Jaramillo and Margarita Baena Ex Situ Conservation of Plant Genetic Resources 2007. In basic seed generation test. In next process was used for generation of Rheum wittrockii. The seeds generation of Rheum wittrockii they  differ in by generation  process  and by morphology. Seeds – three sided wide and narrow-winged nut. Seed protein, a central embryo.¹⁷ Before started the process were fulfilled  process of complete sterilization of seeds.¹⁸  Then all seed of plant were 20 minute leave the in wet cotton material at 25^oC  temperature, and then 30 seed in  each sample 10 piece in by three number of replications. Then Petri laboratory on wet filter paper at a temperature of 25-36^o C then realize our researcher.

Result and Discussion

The important stage is the viability test (germination of seeds before their preservation). The device for the seed germination test ‘APS-2M‘(Jacobson’s table) fig 3-4. In each vegetable sample was used 10 seeds three number of replication, and one investigation area were 30 seeds number.

Figure 3: The important stage is the viability test (germination of seeds before their preservation)  The device for the seed germination test ‘APS-2M‘ (Jacobson’s table)   Click here to View figure

Approximately one investigation plant population  was used 90 seeds in total. In each variant plant sample seeds of 10 (spaced at least different) were sampled from each population, depending on accessibility and population size (Table1,2). The locations of the investigated population are listed in table 1 and table 2. Latitude and longitude, altitude were recorded for each natural little area of population or little gorge area using GIS unit (Garmin 60C).

Table 1:  Rheum wittrockii population surveyed, germination of seeds (Pop№1)

Table 2: Rheum wittrockii population surveyed, with their seed germination   parameters

After seeding in each plant seed germination test ‘APS-2M‘ (Jacobson’s table) continuation process. Then after 10- 14 days appearance new seedling by size 1,5 and 2cm (fig.5-6). In all sample they differ results about appearance a new seedling. The result of the germination of seeds in the important stage is the viability test (germination of seeds before their preservation).

Figure 4: Three sided wide seeds of Rheum wittrockii   Click here to View figure

Figure 5: The appearance of a  new seedling plants   Click here to View figure

The device for the seed germination test ‘APS-2M‘ (Jacobson’s table) fig.4  It gave us middle result. №1 Population Zhungar Alatau in  first investigation area results were all seeds (piece) in each three number of replications results Rheum wittrockii first matay area grown seeds sample 7 % and not germinated 93 %  very badly results. In Altyn-Emal gorge area grown Rh. wittrockii seeds 23% and 77 per cent in not germinated. In Uzynbulak gorge area grown Rh. wittrockii seeds 10% and 90 per cent in not germinated. Rheum wittrockii population surveyed, germination of seeds in Population Ili- Alatau  (north Tian-Shan).

In by results of grown seeds of Rheum wittrockii in first gorge area 12 seeds given us results were total amount 40 % seeds germination. The result of the table number 2 very good results. Turgen gorge area total 30 seed on germination  there were 8 seeds germinate and  27 per cent good seed germination. Seeds addition increased seed sample. The interference significantly increased seed germination in first Population Zhungar Alatau  (table 1) with  the decrease of the light of availability, but in  total three gorge area seed germination 44 per cent of the seeds are germinated.

In next №2 Population Ili- Alatau (north Tian-Shan) here result increased to compare in first population, when to investigation the seed germination the result to  increased 93 per cent showed. Therefore №2 Population Ili- Alatau (north Tian-Shan) here result increased especially Kotur bulak gorge area 40 per cent and Turgen gorge area 27 percent. The gorge area of Kim- Asar so not very decrease. In below figure phota about result Rh. wittrockii in showed general research in  seed germination after successful result of seed germination (fig.6) of Rheum wittrockii. we were received adults plant and planting  their of the nursery.

Figure 6: In general work cycle in seed germination of Rh. wittrockii   Click here to View figure

In general work cycle in seed germination of Rh. wittrockii in  below picture full process about received adults plant. This research process it takes approximately 30-36 days. After appearing adults plant their planted nursery near research Institute for conservation in  ex-situ in  long time.

Conclusions

Our results indicate that the Rh. wittrockii very good combination of seed germination. According  to the results of these figures calculation conformity study observed that the population Ili-Alatau (north Tian-Shan) by result increased  seed germination the result to  increased 93 %  showed. The  significantly increased seed germination in other population Zhungar Alatau  with  the decrease  germination, but in  total three gorge area seed germination 44 % of the seeds are germinated.

Rheum wittrockii population altitude surveyed, №1 population мatay gorge area -1580 altitude (m),  alyn-Emel gorge area -1390 altitude (m), uzynbulak gorge area -1490 altitude (m).  №2 population  кotur bulak gorge area-1372 altitude (m), кim Asar gorge area-1438 altitude (m), тurgen gorge area-1872 altitude (m).

Rheum wittrockii good of seeds germination №1 Population мatay gorge area -7 %,  alyn-emel gorge area -23 %, uzynbulak gorge area -10 %.  №2 Population  кotur bulak gorge area-40 %, кim asar gorge area-17%, тurgen gorge area-27 %.

Acknowledgments

Support for this researcher was provided by of Institute of the Botany and Phytointroduction under the laboratory “Seed science and Plant protection”, and al –Farabi  Kazakh  National  University.

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